Basic information

The top of the COA identifies the material:

• Product name and code – match these with your purchase order.
• Chemical formula and CAS number – where one exists.
• Lot or batch number – record it in your lab notebook and publications so results can be traced to a specific batch.
• Date of analysis – useful for materials that age or oxidise.

Purity

Purity is normally given as a percentage on a metals basis or as a total, for example 99.9%. Check what the figure is based on: “metals basis” excludes non-metallic impurities such as oxygen or carbon. For electronic, catalytic and biomedical work, look at the list of individual trace impurities (often measured by ICP) as well as the headline number.

Particle size

Particle size can be reported in different ways, and the numbers are not directly comparable:

• APS (average particle size) – often from SEM or TEM images.
• D10, D50, D90 – from laser diffraction; D50 is the median, D90 shows how many larger particles are present.
• Crystallite size – from XRD peak broadening; this can be smaller than the particle size because particles may contain several crystallites or be agglomerated.

Nanopowders almost always form agglomerates, so a powder described as 20 nm may behave as larger clusters until it is dispersed.

Specific surface area (SSA)

SSA, usually measured by the BET method in m²/g, is a good check on particle size and porosity. Smaller particles and porous materials such as MOFs and activated carbons have higher SSA.

Phase and structure

An XRD pattern confirms the crystal phase, for example anatase vs rutile TiO₂, or the presence of secondary phases in a MAX phase. Compare the peaks with standard reference patterns. For carbon materials, Raman spectra (D and G bands) indicate defect levels and, for graphene, layer number.

Morphology

SEM and TEM images show particle shape, size and agglomeration: spheres, rods, wires, flakes or tubes. They are especially important for nanowires, nanotubes and 2D materials.

Other values you may see

• Bulk and true density – for powder handling and formulation.
• Colour and appearance – a quick check on arrival.
• Moisture or loss on drying – important for hygroscopic materials.
• Concentration, solvent and pH – for dispersions and inks.
• Thickness, layers and lateral size – for graphene, MXenes and other 2D materials.

What to check before you start work

• The product, specification and quantity match your order.
• The values are measured on your lot, not only typical values.
• The measurement method suits your application (for example, ICP for trace metals).
• Storage conditions on the label and SDS are followed from the day of arrival.

Need more data?

If your project, publication or tender needs additional characterisation, such as extra XRD, SEM/TEM, BET or elemental analysis, we can arrange it with your order. See our analytical services, or ask when you request a quotation.

Frequently asked questions

Does every order come with a COA?

Yes. Every product supplied by Aritech Chemazone comes with a certificate of analysis from Nanochemazone Canada.

Can I get the COA before I order?

We can usually share a sample or typical COA for a product at the quotation stage. Email sales@chemazone.in.

What is the difference between a COA and an SDS?

A COA reports the measured quality of your batch. A safety data sheet (SDS) describes hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal.

Why is the crystallite size smaller than the particle size?

XRD measures the size of coherent crystal domains. A single particle can contain several crystallites, and particles can also stick together into agglomerates.

Can you provide extra characterisation?

Yes. Additional analyses can be arranged through our analytical services.

Option 1: Importing directly

If you import directly from an overseas manufacturer, you are the importer of record. In general this means you will need:

• an Import Export Code (IEC) from DGFT
• a customs broker (CHA) to file the Bill of Entry and clear the shipment
• the supplier’s commercial invoice, packing list, airway bill or bill of lading, and a safety data sheet (SDS)
• payment of applicable customs duty and IGST at the time of clearance
• additional permits for some regulated or hazardous chemicals

You also pay the supplier in foreign currency, usually in advance, and carry the risk of delays at customs. Duty rates and rules change, so always confirm the current position with your customs broker.

Option 2: Buying through an Indian distributor

When you buy from Aritech Chemazone Private Limited, the authorised Indian distributor of Nanochemazone Canada, we act as the importer. You receive a local quotation and a GST invoice, and we handle the import, customs clearance and delivery to your door. For most labs and companies this is simpler, especially for small research quantities.

Step-by-step: ordering from Aritech Chemazone

1. Send an enquiry

Use the Get Quotation button on any product page, the contact form, or email sales@chemazone.in. Include the product name, quantity, any special specification, your organisation name and delivery city.

2. Receive an INR quotation

We usually reply within one working day with a quotation in Indian Rupees, showing GST, delivery terms and the expected lead time.

3. Issue a purchase order

Universities and government institutes can issue a purchase order in the name of Aritech Chemazone Private Limited. We can provide the documents your purchase department usually asks for, such as a proforma invoice and GST details. Ask us if your institution needs any other supporting documents.

4. Import and customs

We arrange shipment from Nanochemazone Canada, customs clearance and all import paperwork. You do not need an IEC for orders supplied by us.

5. Delivery and documents

The material is delivered to your lab or plant anywhere in India with a GST invoice and a certificate of analysis. A safety data sheet is available on request.

Duty concessions for research institutions

Some publicly funded research institutions, universities and DSIR-registered institutions may be eligible for concessional customs duty on goods imported for research, subject to certificates and conditions set by the government. If your institution uses such a scheme, tell us at the enquiry stage so we can discuss how the order should be structured. Eligibility and procedures are decided by your institution and the customs authorities.

Typical lead times

Lead time depends on stock, quantity and the shipping class of the material. Custom specifications and large quantities generally take longer than standard catalogue items. Your quotation will state the expected delivery time.

Safety and storage on arrival

• Check the packaging and labels on receipt and keep the certificate of analysis with your lab records.
• Store nanomaterials in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place, away from incompatible materials; some powders need an inert atmosphere.
• Handle dry nanopowders in a fume hood or glove box to avoid inhaling dust, and use gloves and eye protection.
• Follow the safety data sheet for handling, spill and disposal guidance.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need an IEC to buy nanomaterials from Aritech Chemazone?

No. We are the importer, so you buy locally with a GST invoice.

Can universities and IITs buy on a purchase order?

Yes. Purchase orders from universities, IITs, NITs, government laboratories and companies are accepted.

Are prices quoted in INR?

Yes. All quotations are in Indian Rupees, with GST shown separately.

Can I order a custom specification?

Yes. Custom particle size, purity, composition or form can be arranged with Nanochemazone Canada. See our services.

Do you deliver outside major cities?

Yes, we deliver across India. Delivery time to remote locations may be a little longer.

What does “MAX” stand for?

MAX phases have the general formula M_n+1AX_n, where:

• M is an early transition metal, such as Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf or Ta
• A is an A-group element, most often Al, Si, Ga, Ge or Sn
• X is carbon and/or nitrogen
• n is usually 1, 2 or 3, giving the “211”, “312” and “413” families

The structure consists of layers of M_n+1X_n separated by single atomic layers of the A element. The bonding between the A layer and the carbide or nitride layers is weaker than within them, which explains both their unusual properties and the possibility of etching out the A layer to make MXenes.

Common MAX phase compositions

Properties of MAX phases

• Good electrical and thermal conductivity, closer to metals than ceramics
• Machinable with conventional tools, unlike most ceramics
• High stiffness, low density and good damage tolerance
• Resistance to thermal shock and, for Al-containing grades such as Ti₂AlC and Cr₂AlC, good high-temperature oxidation resistance through a protective alumina layer

MAX phases as MXene precursors

Most MXene research starts with a MAX phase powder. Selective etching of the A layer, typically with hydrofluoric acid or fluoride-containing mixtures such as LiF/HCl, removes the aluminium and leaves stacked M_n+1X_nT_x layers, which can then be delaminated into single flakes. Ti₃AlC₂ is by far the most widely used precursor, because it produces Ti₃C₂T_x, the best-studied MXene. Read more in our guide What is MXene?

For etching work, the quality of the MAX phase matters: phase purity (checked by XRD), particle size and the amount of secondary phases such as TiC or Al₂O₃ all influence the yield and quality of the resulting MXene. Etching must be done only by trained personnel with suitable fume hoods and protective equipment, because HF and fluoride etchants are highly hazardous.

Other applications

• Sputtering targets and coatings – MAX phase targets are used to deposit protective, conductive or wear-resistant thin films.
• High-temperature components – heating elements, burner nozzles and parts exposed to thermal cycling.
• Electrical contacts – thanks to their combination of conductivity and damage tolerance.
• Composite reinforcement – in metal and ceramic matrix composites.

Buying MAX phases in India

Aritech Chemazone supplies MAX phase powders and targets manufactured by Nanochemazone Canada, including Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₂AlC, V₂AlC, Cr₂AlC, Nb₂AlC and many other compositions. See MAX phase powders, MAX phase targets such as the Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase target and ready-made MXene powders, flakes and dispersions. Use Get Quotation on any product page for an INR price with GST.

Frequently asked questions

What is the most common MAX phase?

Ti₃AlC₂ is the most widely used, mainly as the precursor for Ti₃C₂T_x MXene. Ti₂AlC and Ti₃SiC₂ are also common.

What is the difference between a MAX phase and a MXene?

A MAX phase is the bulk layered ceramic containing the A element (usually Al). A MXene is the 2D material obtained after the A layer is etched away and the layers are separated.

What particle size of MAX phase should I order for etching?

Fine powders (commonly below about 40 µm, for example −400 mesh) are generally preferred for etching. Tell us your intended method and we can suggest a suitable grade.

Can you supply custom MAX phase compositions?

Yes. Non-standard and solid-solution MAX phases can be produced through our custom synthesis service.

Do you supply MAX phase sputtering targets?

Yes, MAX phase targets are available in standard diameters and thicknesses, with custom sizes on request.

The main types of carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)

An SWCNT is a single graphene layer rolled into a seamless cylinder, typically about 0.8–2 nm in diameter. Depending on how the sheet is rolled (its chirality), an individual SWCNT can be metallic or semiconducting. SWCNTs have very high surface area and excellent electrical and optical properties, which makes them the choice for transparent conductive films, field-effect transistors, sensors and many research applications.

Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)

DWCNTs have two concentric walls. They keep much of the conductivity of SWCNTs while the outer wall can be functionalised without disturbing the inner one, which is useful for composites and conductive coatings.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

MWCNTs consist of several to dozens of nested tubes, with outer diameters typically from about 5 to 50 nm or more. They are produced at much larger scale and cost far less per gram, which is why they dominate industrial uses such as conductive additives in lithium-ion battery electrodes, antistatic plastics, conductive rubbers and reinforced composites.

SWCNT vs MWCNT at a glance

Specifications to check before you order

• Purity (carbon content) – residual catalyst metals and amorphous carbon affect conductivity and can interfere with electrochemical or biological work.
• Outer diameter and length – longer tubes help percolation in composites; shorter tubes disperse more easily.
• Functionalisation – –COOH, –OH or –NH₂ functionalised CNTs disperse better in water and polar polymers and bond better to matrices.
• Form – dry powder, aqueous or solvent dispersion, paste or film. Dispersions save you the effort of sonication and surfactant selection.
• Characterisation – Raman (G/D ratio), TEM and TGA data on the certificate of analysis help confirm quality.

Which one should you choose?

• Choose SWCNTs for transparent conductive films, nanoelectronics, sensors, optical studies and research where single-tube properties matter.
• Choose MWCNTs for battery electrode additives, conductive plastics and coatings, mechanical reinforcement and any application needing kilogram quantities at a reasonable cost.
• Choose functionalised CNTs or a ready dispersion if you struggle to disperse the dry powder.

Handling and safety

CNT powders are very light and easily become airborne. Handle them in a fume hood or ventilated enclosure, wear gloves, safety glasses and a suitable respirator, and avoid creating dust. Store containers tightly closed in a dry place. Refer to the safety data sheet supplied with the product.

Buying carbon nanotubes in India

Aritech Chemazone supplies single-walled, double-walled, multi-walled and functionalised carbon nanotubes manufactured by Nanochemazone Canada, as powders and dispersions. Browse the carbon nanotubes range, including multi-walled carbon nanotube powder and carboxyl-functionalised MWCNTs, or the wider Carbon & 2D Materials category, and use Get Quotation on any product page for an INR price with GST and delivery anywhere in India.

Frequently asked questions

Are single-walled carbon nanotubes better than multi-walled?

Neither is better in general. SWCNTs offer higher surface area and tunable electronic properties; MWCNTs are cheaper, available in bulk and ideal for conductive additives and composites.

Why are SWCNTs more expensive?

They are harder to grow selectively and to purify, and they are produced in smaller volumes than MWCNTs.

Can I get carbon nanotubes as a dispersion?

Yes. Aqueous and solvent dispersions of CNTs are available, and custom concentrations can be arranged on request.

Which CNTs are used in lithium-ion batteries?

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, often supplied as a conductive paste or dispersion, are widely used as conductive additives in battery electrodes.

Do you provide a certificate of analysis?

Yes, every order comes with a certificate of analysis from the manufacturer.

Why graphene prices vary so much

The price of a graphene product depends mainly on how it is made and how close it is to true single-layer graphene. Roughly from most to least expensive per gram, the main forms are:

• CVD graphene films – single or few-layer graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition and transferred to a substrate such as SiO₂/Si, quartz, PET or a TEM grid. Priced per piece and by area, not by weight.
• Single-layer graphene and graphene quantum dots – small production volumes, careful purification and characterisation.
• Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) – made by chemical oxidation of graphite; available as powder, paste or aqueous dispersion.
• Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) – stacks of a few to tens of layers, produced at larger scale and the most economical option for composites, coatings and conductive fillers.

If you compare a GNP powder with a CVD film on price alone, the numbers will mean nothing. Always compare like with like.

The specifications that change the price

Number of layers

Fewer layers usually means a higher price. Single-layer material costs far more than few-layer (2–5 layers) or multi-layer grades. Check whether the layer count is measured (Raman, AFM or TEM) or only stated.

Lateral size and thickness

Large, thin flakes are harder to make than small or thick ones. For GNPs, lateral size (for example 2 µm, 5 µm, 15 µm or 25 µm) and thickness both affect the price and the performance in your application.

Purity and oxygen content

High carbon content, low metal impurities and, for GO, a controlled oxygen content all add cost. Ask for the certificate of analysis to see the measured values.

Specific surface area

Higher BET surface area grades are generally more expensive. For supercapacitor and adsorption work, surface area is often the most important number on the data sheet.

Form

The same material can be offered as dry powder, paste, aqueous or solvent dispersion, film or ink. Dispersions are priced by volume and concentration, so compare the cost per gram of solid, not per bottle.

Quantity

Prices per gram drop sharply from research packs (1 g, 5 g, 25 g) to 100 g, 1 kg and bulk orders. If you expect to scale up, mention it at the enquiry stage so the quotation can include volume pricing.

Other costs to account for in India

Graphene supplied in India is usually imported. When you compare quotations, check whether the price includes:

• international freight and insurance
• customs clearance and import duties
• GST (and whether you receive a proper GST invoice)
• delivery to your lab or plant
• certificate of analysis and safety data sheet

A low ex-works price can end up higher than a local delivered price once these are added. Aritech Chemazone quotes in Indian Rupees with GST, and handles the import, customs and delivery for you.

How to choose the right grade for your budget

• Composites, coatings, concrete, lubricants: graphene nanoplatelets usually give the best value.
• Membranes, sensors, biomedical research: graphene oxide or rGO, as powder or dispersion.
• Electronics, optics, device research: CVD graphene films on the substrate you need.
• Bioimaging and fluorescence: graphene quantum dots.

Not sure which grade fits? Our earlier guide on graphene oxide vs reduced graphene oxide vs graphene explains the differences in more detail.

How to get a graphene quotation from Aritech Chemazone

Browse the range in Carbon & 2D Materials, including graphene & graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets (for example industrial-grade GNPs and high-purity GNPs), CVD graphene films and graphene quantum dots. Then use the Get Quotation button on the product page, or email sales@chemazone.in with:

• the product name or code
• quantity and pack size
• any specification you need (layers, flake size, purity, form)
• your organisation name, GST number (if any) and delivery city

We usually reply with an INR quotation within one working day.

Frequently asked questions

What is the price of graphene per gram in India?

There is no single price. It depends on the type (CVD film, GO, rGO, nanoplatelets), the specification and the quantity. Send us the grade and quantity you need and we will quote the current price in INR.

Why is graphene oxide cheaper than single-layer graphene?

GO is produced in larger batches by chemical oxidation of graphite, while single-layer graphene needs more controlled processes and characterisation, which raises the cost per gram.

Do you supply graphene with a GST invoice?

Yes. Aritech Chemazone Private Limited issues a GST invoice for every order supplied in India.

Can I get a custom graphene specification?

Yes. Custom flake size, functionalisation, dispersion medium or concentration can be arranged with Nanochemazone Canada. See our custom synthesis service.

Is a certificate of analysis included?

Yes, every order ships with a certificate of analysis. A safety data sheet is available on request.

The three-electrode layout

• Working electrode – where the reaction of interest takes place. It is most often carbon, but gold, platinum and other materials are also printed.
• Counter (auxiliary) electrode – completes the circuit.
• Reference electrode – provides a stable potential; on SPEs it is usually silver or silver/silver chloride.

An insulating (dielectric) layer defines the active area and protects the conductive tracks that lead to the connector.

How SPEs are made

Each layer is printed in turn with a dedicated ink or paste: carbon or metal for the working and counter electrodes, silver or silver/silver chloride for the reference electrode and tracks, and a dielectric paste for the insulation. Each layer is dried or cured before the next is printed. The same inks can be used to print custom electrode designs; see screen print inks and pastes and conductive pastes.

Advantages

• Small sample volume, typically a single drop
• Disposable, which avoids polishing and cross-contamination
• Low cost per measurement and consistent geometry
• Portable when paired with a handheld potentiostat
• Easy to modify with nanomaterials, enzymes or antibodies

Typical applications

• Biosensors; blood glucose test strips are the best-known example of screen-printed sensor technology
• Trace heavy-metal detection by stripping voltammetry
• Environmental, food and water analysis
• Teaching and method development in electrochemistry

Modifying the working electrode

Sensitivity and selectivity are often improved by coating the working electrode with nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes or metal nanoparticles before adding the recognition element.

Selection checklist

• Working electrode material and diameter
• Reference electrode type (silver or silver/silver chloride)
• Substrate (ceramic or plastic) and overall strip dimensions
• Connector compatibility with your potentiostat
• Single-use or limited re-use for your method

Aritech Chemazone lists Nanostructured Carbon Screen Printed Electrodes and Zensor Screen Printed Electrodes in its screen printed electrode range.

Frequently asked questions

What is a screen-printed electrode used for?

For electrochemical measurements such as voltammetry and amperometry on small samples, especially in sensor and biosensor development.

Can screen-printed electrodes be reused?

They are designed as disposable devices. Some methods allow limited re-use, but results are most reliable with a fresh electrode.

What equipment do I need?

A potentiostat and a connector or cable that matches the electrode strip.

How do I get screen-printed electrode price in India?

Send the electrode type and quantity through our contact page and Aritech Chemazone will reply with price and lead time.

Related guides

• What Is MXene? Structure, Properties, Forms and Applications
• Graphene Oxide vs Reduced Graphene Oxide vs Graphene: Differences and How to Choose
• Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Types, Properties and Applications
• Nickel Foam and Metal Foams: Properties, Specifications and Uses

What is nickel foam?

Nickel foam is the most widely used open-cell metal foam. It is typically produced by coating a polyurethane foam template with nickel, then removing the polymer by heat treatment and sintering the remaining metal network. The finished sheet keeps the shape of the original foam but consists of hollow nickel struts with very high porosity.

How metal foams are specified

• Material and purity – nickel, copper, aluminium, stainless steel and others.
• PPI (pores per inch) – the number of pores along one inch; a higher PPI means smaller pores.
• Porosity – the share of the volume that is empty space.
• Thickness and sheet size – usually given in millimetres.
• Areal or bulk density – the amount of metal per unit area or volume.

Where metal foams are used

Handling tips

• Cut foam with sharp scissors or a blade and avoid crushing the pore structure.
• For electrochemical work, the surface is usually cleaned before use to remove oxide and residues; follow the procedure given in your method.
• Store foams dry and in their packaging to limit surface oxidation.

See the metal foams range for Electrical Conductive Nickel Metal Foam, Copper Foam and RVC foam, or metal foils if you need a solid current collector instead.

Frequently asked questions

What does PPI mean for metal foam?

PPI means pores per inch. It describes pore size: the higher the PPI, the finer the foam.

Why is nickel foam used in batteries and supercapacitors?

Its conductive three-dimensional network carries current through the whole electrode and its open pores hold active material and let electrolyte reach it.

Is nickel foam the same as nickel mesh?

No. Mesh is a woven or expanded two-dimensional sheet, while foam is a three-dimensional porous network with much higher surface area per unit volume.

How do I get metal foam price in India?

Send the material, PPI, thickness, sheet size and quantity through our contact page and Aritech Chemazone will quote.

Related guides

• What Is MXene? Structure, Properties, Forms and Applications
• Graphene Oxide vs Reduced Graphene Oxide vs Graphene: Differences and How to Choose
• Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Types, Properties and Applications
• Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs): How They Work and How to Choose One

How a MOF is built

Every MOF has two building blocks. The metal node is a metal ion or cluster, for example copper, zinc, chromium, aluminium, iron or zirconium. The organic linker is a molecule with two or more binding groups, such as a di- or tricarboxylic acid or an imidazole. Nodes and linkers assemble into a repeating framework, and the solvent that fills the pores after synthesis is removed in a step called activation.

Well-known MOF families

Lanthanide MOFs based on europium, terbium, dysprosium or samarium are studied mainly for their luminescence and for sensing.

Why MOFs are useful

• Very high surface area – many MOFs reach thousands of square metres per gram.
• Tunable pores – pore size and surface chemistry follow from the choice of node and linker.
• Accessible metal sites – useful for catalysis and selective adsorption.

Applications

• Storage of gases such as hydrogen and methane
• Carbon dioxide capture and gas separation
• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Chemical sensing
• Drug delivery research
• Water harvesting and adsorption-based cooling

What to check before buying a MOF

• Stability: moisture and thermal stability differ widely. HKUST-1, for example, is sensitive to moisture, while zirconium frameworks such as UiO-66 are known for robustness.
• Activation state: ask whether the material is supplied activated or still contains solvent.
• Particle size and purity: both affect packing, kinetics and reproducibility.
• Storage: keep MOFs sealed and dry; re-activate before use if they have been exposed to air.

Aritech Chemazone lists copper, chromium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, zinc and lanthanide frameworks in its metal-organic framework range, including Copper Metal Organic Framework (Cu (HKUST-1) and Chromium MOF (Cr-MIL-101).

Frequently asked questions

What does MOF stand for?

MOF stands for metal-organic framework: a porous crystalline material made of metal nodes joined by organic linkers.

What is HKUST-1?

HKUST-1, also called Cu-BTC or MOF-199, is a copper framework with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate linkers. It is one of the most widely used benchmark MOFs.

Are MOFs stable in water?

It depends on the framework. Some degrade on exposure to moisture, others are stable in water. Check the stability of the specific MOF for your conditions.

How do I get MOF price in India?

Send the framework name and quantity through our contact page and Aritech Chemazone will reply with price and lead time.

Related guides

• What Is MXene? Structure, Properties, Forms and Applications
• Graphene Oxide vs Reduced Graphene Oxide vs Graphene: Differences and How to Choose
• Nickel Foam and Metal Foams: Properties, Specifications and Uses
• Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs): How They Work and How to Choose One

Graphene oxide (GO)

Graphene oxide is made by oxidising graphite, commonly with Hummers-type methods, and exfoliating the product into thin sheets. The sheets carry oxygen-containing groups: hydroxyl and epoxide groups on the basal plane and carboxyl groups at the edges. These groups make GO hydrophilic, so it disperses well in water and polar solvents, and they give plenty of sites for chemical functionalisation. The same groups interrupt the conjugated carbon network, so GO is electrically insulating.

Typical uses: membranes and coatings, polymer and cement composites, biosensing platforms, and as the precursor for rGO.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)

Reduced graphene oxide is GO from which most of the oxygen groups have been removed by chemical, thermal or electrochemical reduction. Reduction restores much of the electrical conductivity, although some oxygen and structural defects remain. rGO is less dispersible in water than GO.

Typical uses: battery and supercapacitor electrodes, conductive composites, sensors and conductive inks.

Graphene nanoplatelets and CVD graphene

Graphene nanoplatelets are short stacks of graphene layers produced from graphite. They contain little oxygen, conduct heat and electricity well, and are the practical choice as an additive in polymers, coatings and lubricants. CVD graphene is a continuous film grown on a metal such as copper and transferred to a substrate; it is the form used for electronic devices, transparent electrodes and fundamental research.

Side-by-side comparison

How to choose

• Need a stable water dispersion or a surface you can functionalise? Choose graphene oxide.
• Need conductivity in an electrode or composite at reasonable cost? Choose reduced graphene oxide or graphene nanoplatelets.
• Need a continuous, high-quality layer on a substrate? Choose CVD graphene.

Browse graphene and graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets and CVD graphene, or the full graphene range.

Frequently asked questions

Is graphene oxide conductive?

No. GO is electrically insulating because its oxygen groups disrupt the conjugated carbon network. Conductivity returns when it is reduced to rGO.

Can graphene oxide be reduced in the lab?

Yes. GO is routinely reduced chemically (for example with ascorbic acid), thermally or electrochemically. The route chosen affects the remaining oxygen content and the conductivity of the rGO.

Is reduced graphene oxide the same as graphene?

Not exactly. rGO approaches graphene but retains residual oxygen and lattice defects, so its conductivity is lower than that of pristine or CVD graphene.

How do I get graphene or graphene oxide price in India?

Send the form, grade and quantity you need through our contact page. Aritech Chemazone supplies research and bulk quantities across India.

Related guides

• What Is MXene? Structure, Properties, Forms and Applications
• Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Types, Properties and Applications
• Nickel Foam and Metal Foams: Properties, Specifications and Uses
• Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs): How They Work and How to Choose One

What is a MXene?

MXenes have the general formula M_n+1X_nT_x, where M is an early transition metal such as titanium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum or tantalum, X is carbon and/or nitrogen, and T_x stands for the surface groups (–O, –OH, –F) left behind by the etching step. The value of n is usually 1 to 4. Common examples are Ti₃C₂T_x, Ti₂CT_x, Nb₂CT_x, V₂CT_x, Mo₂CT_x and Ta₄C₃T_x.

How MXenes are made from MAX phases

The starting material is a MAX phase, a layered ceramic with the formula M_n+1AX_n, in which A is an A-group element, most often aluminium. The A layer is selectively etched, either with hydrofluoric acid or with HF generated in situ from a fluoride salt and hydrochloric acid. This leaves a stacked, accordion-like multilayer MXene. Intercalation and delamination then separate the stack into few-layer or single-layer flakes that form stable dispersions in water. The quality of the MXene depends strongly on the quality of the MAX phase precursor.

Key properties

• High electrical conductivity – MXenes such as Ti₃C₂T_x behave as metallic conductors.
• Hydrophilic surface – they disperse in water without surfactants and can be processed into films, coatings and inks.
• High volumetric capacitance – useful for supercapacitor and battery electrodes.
• EMI shielding – thin MXene films attenuate electromagnetic interference effectively.
• Tunable chemistry – properties change with the metal, the carbon/nitrogen ratio and the surface terminations.

Which form should you buy?

All of these are listed in our MXene and MAX phase range, including Ti3C2Tx MXene Few layer Nanoflake, Ti3AlC2 MAXene Powder and Ti2C MXene Powder.

Applications

• Supercapacitors and lithium-ion or sodium-ion battery electrodes
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding coatings and films
• Gas, strain and biosensors
• Conductive inks and transparent conductive films
• Electrocatalysis, including hydrogen evolution
• Membranes and adsorbents for water treatment

Storage and handling

MXenes oxidise gradually in the presence of water and oxygen; titanium carbide MXene slowly converts to titanium dioxide. Keep dispersions sealed, cold and away from light and use them soon after opening. Keep powders sealed and dry, ideally under an inert gas. Always follow the storage note on the product page.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between a MAX phase and a MXene?

A MAX phase is the bulk layered ceramic that still contains the A element, such as aluminium. A MXene is the two-dimensional material left after that A layer has been etched away.

Which MXene is used most often?

Ti₃C₂T_x is the most widely studied MXene and the usual starting point for new projects.

Is MXene the same as graphene?

No. Both are 2D materials, but MXenes are metal carbides or nitrides with a hydrophilic surface, while graphene is pure carbon. See our guide to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide for the carbon side.

How do I get MXene price in India?

Aritech Chemazone quotes each order individually. Send the product name, form and quantity through our contact page and we will reply with price and lead time.

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